Solar PV has been increasingly scaled up to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from electricity generation and thereby mitigate climate change. However, due to the intermittency (i.e. variability) of renewable energy sources, large-scale penetration of renewable energy sources into the electricity grid can potentially cause grid problems if grid stability has not been sufficiently strengthened beforehand. To address this issue, increased costs will be required, e.g. for the operation and maintenance (O&M) of conventional thermal power plants, as their cycling requirements increase due to the greater uncertainty of electricity supply.
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